This study presents the results of the reprocessing of extensive seismic data culminating in enhanced subsurface imaging of the Negev of Israel. A set of structural maps has been produced, significantly improving the understanding of the deeper sedimentary sections of the region. The analysis highlights similarities between the Judea graben (Israel) and the Palmyra trough (Syria), suggesting the presence of a late Paleozoic basin, which is now the Judea graben and the Palmyra trough. We have made a first attempt to fit the petroleum system into the compressional model that seems to describe more accurately the observations from the study area. We believe that the petroleum system should have additional prospectivity in upper or even lower Paleozoic sections. In addition, this study identifies reverse decollement faults in the so-called Judea graben that detached on top of Triassic evaporite and did not interrupt the lower petroleum system. We argue that the main hydrocarbon potential of the Judea graben lies in the Triassic section and below. In contrast, the Cretaceous and Jurassic sections have limited potential because they are too shallow and never reached the oil or gas generation window.