This study examines human responses to paleo-hydrological fluctuations at the archaeological site of ‘En Ḥaẓeva, situated in the arid Arabah Valley of southern Israel. Hydrological changes were reconstructed using multiple proxies, including the taxonomic and stable isotopic composition of mollusk shells, together with sedimentological and geological observations. A regional survey indicates that the site lies along a marginal fault associated with the Dead Sea Fault system. The occurrence of fossil gastropod shells and their oxygen stable isotope (δ¹⁸O) signatures indicates the presence of a paleo–brackish, stagnant water body at the site, likely sustained by surface discharge from the local Ḥaẓeva aquifer and providing a suitable habitat for mollusks. Integration of the hydrological proxies with archaeological evidence suggests that increased water discharge during the early first millennium BCE played a critical role in shaping site conditions, compelling inhabitants to adapt their construction techniques to an unstable environment. The combined archaeological, faunal, geological, mineralogical, and isotopic datasets highlight the value of an interdisciplinary approach for reconstructing past human–environment interactions. Finally, the results raise the possibility that paleo-seismic activity contributed to the observed paleo-hydrological fluctuations.